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Arnica montana
''Arnica montana'', sometimes mistakenly referred to as wolf's bane, has also been called leopard's bane, mountain tobacco and mountain arnica, is a European flowering plant in the sunflower family. It is noted for its large yellow flower head.
== Biology ==
''Arnica Montana'' is a diploid about 18 to 60 cm tall aromatic fragrant, perennial herb. Its basal green ovate-cilitate leaves with rounded tips are bright coloured and level to the ground. In addition, they are somewhat downy on their upper surface, veined and aggregated in rosettes. By contrast, the upper leaves are opposed, spear-shaped and smaller which is an exception within the Asteraceae. The chromosome number is 2n=38.
The flowering season is between Mai and August (Central Europe). The hairy flowers are composed of yellow disc florets in the center and orange-yellow ray florets at the external part. The achenes have a one-piece rough pappus which opens in dry conditions 〔Arnica Montana L., relevant European medical plant (2014). Waizel-Bucay J., Cruz-Juarez M. de L. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Forestales, Vol. 5 Issue 25 p. 98-109〕〔http://www2.ufz.de/biolflor/taxonomie/taxonomie.jsp?ID_Taxonomie=286〕. ''Arnica montana'' is hemikryptophyt, which helps the plant to survive the extrem overwintering condition of its habitat. In addition, Arnica forms rhizomes, which is growing in an two years cycle: the rosette part grew at its front meanwhile its tail is slowy dying〔. ''Arnica Montana'' is propagated from seed. Generally, 20 % of seeds do not germinate. For large scale planting, it is recommended to raise plants first in a nursery and then to transplant them in the field. Seeds sprout in 14-20 days but germination rate depends highly of the seed quality. Planting density for ''Arnica Montana'' is of 20 plants/m2 such that the maximum yield density will be achieved in the second flowering season. While ''Arnica Montana'' has high exigencies of soil quality, analyses should be done before any fertilizer input〔B.M.Smallfield & M.H. Douglas (2008) Arnica montana a grower‟s guide for commercial production in New Zealand. New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research Limited〕.
The flowers are harvested when fully developed and dried without their bract nor receptacles. The roots can be harvested in autumn and dried as well after being carefully washed.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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